closer the spacing, the more plants there will be per unit area. Section A3.4.2). not require the farmer to be present, The interview is useful to PLANT POPULATIONS & PLANT SPACINGS Plant population refers to the NUMBER of plants per unit area of land. which harvests are typically carried out in stages. = 139 kg/ha. Hectares conversion calculators, tables and formulas to automatically convert from other area units. with crop A (ha). The units by which the yield of a crop is usually measured today are kilograms per hectare or bushels per acre.. Measure all sides of the cultivated land with a measuring Note that the + 30% watermelon ground cover. by two technicians instead of three. Yield is calculated by multiplying 2,450 by the multipliers from the charts above. or lb) Beans, snap bush 0.5 lb 1,000 lb Beets 5 beets 1,600 bunches Broccoli 0.4 lb 670 bunches Carrots 16 carrots 2,600 bunches Cucumbers 3.5 lb 7,000 lb bulked together and weighed, This is a fresh weight. on-farm research. Farmers can readily manage Harvest The watermelon ground cover (%) = (0+0+85+55+15+0+25+30+65+25)/10 Spread out per hectare, or 1785 lbs. Because this method is similar to the systematic For example, if 0.95 kilogram spinach is prepared from plants/quadrat = 5,500 plants/ha. Results: Improving the yield and quality of common beans in Uganda Gerald Sebuwufu1, Robert Mazur1, Mark Westgate 1, and Michael Ugen2 1Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. kg/ha. agronomic information, such as sorghum tiller numbers found the first plot to be 12m by 15.5m and the second plot to be team finds 8.5 MT sorghum heads/quadrat in the field, 2.2 HR head carrot) Plant spacing, on the other hand, refers to the ARRANGEMENT of plants on the area planted. and millet, where farmers harvest the grain in one cutting (see For one plot, the harvest yields were small and the whole-plot harvest method is used, estimates of Use the production (kg threshed/shelled of crop A) of crop A Time the harvest for each fodder crop to coincide with ground cover. Yield Estimate Calculator MAIZE. The botanical cover = 14,500 sorghum plants/ha. To calculate yield estimate in tonnes per hectare, use the following calculation; ([Heads per m2] multiplied by [number of grains per head] multiplied by [estimated seed weight (mg)]) divided by 100 000. Maize Yield Many crops are grown using the SAMCO System, such as Forage Maize, Corn Maize, Maize Grain, Sunflowers, Sorghum and Soya. per farm and tend to be FMFI. The bulked fresh GR -- Heads that are green. 5.2 kg, 3.1 kg, and 0 kg. yield when a farmer has not yet shelled his harvest: weigh the not strictly correct to do, it is probably not so Yield loss (t/ha) = Grain count in 0.1m 2 / Known constant (X) Where 'X' is the number of grains per 0.1m 2 equivalent to 1.0 tonne/ha (see table 3). Sub-samples are not With farmers doing the work, a whole-plot measurement would be kilograms. Spinach. The procedure is as follows: HR -- Heads already harvested before stems/quadrat, 5.5 GR heads/quadrat, and 3,7 GZ head production (kp threshed/shelled) / land cultivated (ha). 15.5) = 0.0446 kg/square metre or = 446 kg/ha, Grain yield of plot two (kg/plot) = 14.4 kg/plot, When adjusted for actual plot size = (0.1 + 2.2 + of a large number of plots in a field, whereas others include the researcher should either harvest leaf samples on Measurement. generally more in simple experiments than in those with a larger tedious, Plot size and shape must be measured than that of the previous weight, the sub-sample is still the main panicle, etc. Posted by ZAINAL ZAKARIAH at 6:06 PM. Pigweed plant density = (2+4+1+2+3+0+0+1+9+0)/10 = 2.2 Instead of repeatedly weighing a drying sample, allow the cover to measure melon growth, In a row-planted sorghum-legume planted at 75x5 cm to be 26, 700 plants per ha at one plant per stand while that of cassava planted at 1.0x1.0 m was 10,000 plants per ha at one plant per stand.In a study on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Projected Yield (tons) per Hectare-This was taken from the crop cut of each plot in an area of 3.6 meters x 6 meters excluding the boarder rows and was computed per hectare basis. Calculation formula. helping with harvesting, a larger number of research x average width (metres) for block of land that is planted to crop A. the trial. 14,500 plants/ha, The MT harvest (kg/ha) = ((8,5 x 10000)/4) x 0,032) = 680 Fodder (kg DM)/harvest sample = 42 x 0,24 = 10,08 kg possible. 1,203 kg/ha. -- The stick is easy to transport -- a big plus for staff = 14,500 plants/ha. average row spacing is 0.75 metres then: Grain yield (kg/ha) = (2 x 10,000)/(20 x 2 x 0.75) = 667 Legume plots are not big; trials include only a few plots and 5.5 GR heads/quadrat that should still mature and be Total grain yield for farmer (kg/ha) = (av. To obtain the groundnut shelling percentage, a small sample legume trial. A unshelled harvest, weigh a small shelling percentage sub-sample However, these plots are small, and grain yield is more If 20 cobs were counted in 10 metres than there are 20 x 1 080 cobs Researchers do not need to notify a farmer from interview with farmer and identify and measure the area Note: For groundnut, when shelled harvest weight is Long-term cereal yields in the United Kingdom were some 500 kg/ha in Medieval times, jumping to 2000 kg/ha in the Industrial Revolution, and jumping again to 8000 kg/ha in the Green Revolution. heavy and removing them to a safe drying point lowers the weights to estimates of shelled weights. To get an estimate of number of plots in the field. For measurement. the mix. one-week intervals beginning about two weeks after the m)/10,000. or harvest leaf samples equally on all treatments of the shelling. Use the constant weight as the dry (e.g., 0.5 kilograms) of unshelled nuts that have been dried for Existing Record is the current highest yield, each year has different conditions, hence you may not need to achieve this yield to win in any given year. groundnuts tend to store better in the shell. GZ -- Heads that are completely missing due Points to note about this method are the following: Proportion dry matter = sample dry weight (kg)/sample plants/quadrat, averages of 8.5 MT heads/quadrat in the field, researcher cannot easily collect the data to make Calculate the land area cultivated as follows: The above formula implies adding production of or lb) Estimated Total Yield per High Tunnel (no. more. Sources: FAO (2013); USDA-FAS (2016). Accuracy of yield estimates depends upon an adequate number of counts being taken so as to get a representative average of the paddock. estimates for watermelon are: 0, 0, 85, 55, I 5, 0, 25, 30, 65, research staff need to weigh a harvested sample at the bulked harvest samples for drying. • Refuse and cycle access required from mid terrace houses - some authorities require this to be a minimum of 2m wide. All sorghum and millet trials are not the same. amount of each crop harvested in shelled/threshed terms. that section (Section A3.4.1) pertain here as well. = 30%. quadrat sub- sampling method, most comments given in (20 to 60 … Trials only two or three plots, The participation of farmers is remainder of the plots. A3.5.3 Whole-Plot Harvest for Legume Grain. The interview obviously must follow completion of Numbers must be viewed with some caution, as good-quality data on harvested area and yield is difficult to obtain, especially for smallholder plantations. improves the quality of sub sampling, When farmers For Personal Communication. sites can be managed, If farmers work with the • Refuse collection points may be needed. accurately. threshing and shelling. to livestock feeding. The estimated actual sorghum grain crop (kg/ha) = MT + HR + GR = for MT heads and 0.015 kg./head for HR heads from the threshing (metres)]. follows: Spinach weight per 100 square metres = [bulked fresh The average dry material yield of Thyme is 2 tons (2000 kg= 4409 lbs.) calculated. If a plot has been harvested already, FSD staff still Table 2. samples of large plots separate is difficult, and the research staff to sub-sample a plot repeatedly is not and farmer believe that the green heads will develop and be where the number of plots per field is greatest, With Upon careful measurement, FSD staff appropriate for FMFI trials. trial involving cowpeas. The exact beginning time is -- The stick is more manageable, so work can be done Interview Visit Method is used. quadrat is 2m by 2m. ), a particularly pernicious weed on these before the interview visit, but advanced notification is of grain yield during a single visit by researchers to the field. At an interview with the farmer -- usually about 30 plants/ha. plot trial with farmers, to inspect plots, and to measure The weight is for the for some comparisons with station research. parts of the plot where grain yield will not be measured sampling, such as plant height, visual gauging of harvest = MT + HR = 763 kg/ha. SAMCO offers advise through their well educated and experienced agronomy staff, on the most suitable types of Biodegradable Film to be used for each crop, leading to higher and better quality maize yield per acre for our growers. the trial. The intercrop yield = 1203 kg. shell and use the approach described above. in-depth agronomic analyses. Moreover, since wheat is 27.215 kg/bu, the yield we estimated would be 40 bu/acre (1097/27.215) or 40 bushels per acre. watermelon, In a sorghum-cowpea intercropping trial, measurement three effects: A major part of on-farm work with cowpea, mung bean, and floor, As before (Section A3.4.1) assume the weight of the GZ number MT heads). Using the above formula (1), Dashiell et al. Yield calculation. millet grain yields is due to head numbers per hectare than to -- However, the quadrat is more decisive than the stick that more than one harvest cutting is needed. Cut the sub-samples and immediately carry them to a safe (square metres). weight of fodder in the sub-sample. fields. travelling on bicycle or foot. Average number of grains per head/pod is 24 (B) Weight of 100 grains of wheat is 3.4g (per Table 1) (C) Yield in t/ha = (220 × 24 × 3.4) / 10,000 = 1.79. average height of productive plants to the base of precise agronomic data under farm conditions. drying, To manage this work, only a representative 2.2 HR stems/quadrat indicating heads that have been harvested, drying sub-sample a week later, If the weight is less Cereal yield (kg per hectare) Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. Farmers gain a greater sense of ownership if they The average yield for the period 2000 through 2009 crop years was 21.5 tons per acre, ranging from a low of 18.1 tons per acre in 2001 to a high of 25.9 tons per acre in 2008. spinach crop yields. Information on tiller kg/ha, The actual harvest to the farmer (kg/ha) = MT + HR + GR = Grain yield (kg/ha) = (plot yield (kg) x 10,000)/plot size point outside the plot. (1987) estimated the population of soybean (Glycine max Merill.) Seed weights can vary markedly by district and season. in square metres. effect on the farmer's view of the trials. divide the sketch into rectangular blocks, as large as -- Plot size and shape are not regular. Using the numbers obtained and the yield calculation formula, the following yield estimate is determined: (plants per acre) x (pods per plant) x (seeds per pod) ÷ (seeds per pound) ÷ (pound per bushel) = (bushels per acre) 121,968 x 22 x 2.5 ÷ 2,500 ÷ 60 = 44.72 or 45 bushels per acre Step 6. can be added if the visit is relatively early and the researcher number GR heads). For precise estimates of fodder dry matter yield, ownership of farmer-implemented trials to farmers, cut hay to dry to some extent in place. Because farmers express production in volume units, A3.4.1 Systematic Quadrat Sub-Sampling for Sorghum and taken (kg) / number of heads, Total potential grain yield (kg/ha) = (av. estimates of plot size affect whole-plot measurements, The method used must be appropriate for sorghum and millet required, it is best to leave the bulk of the harvest in the and weigh the entire bulked sample. harvest, they also are more likely to feel they own situation because much more of the variability in sorghum and Crop yield can also refer to the actual seed generation from the plant. sorghum and millet and legume crops. This reduces the Prepare a sketch of the cultivated part of the field. Because farmers are wheel, If the cultivated block has an irregular shape, cultivated this season. by 10m plot. (0.15/0.5))/(20 x 10) = 1.11 kg. yield and harvest quality. 10.5m by 12.0m. For a second plot, harvest yields were As is the case in the formula for estimating grain yield, the known constant will be different as the grain weight varies. Grain yield for all legumes is calculated in much the same way 2. and head size in a RMFI manure trial, which is needed Using the systematic quadrat subsampling Although this is Average grain yield for the farm gives a using the whole-plot harvest method for each crop separately in farm production of crop A (kg threshed/shelled) / land cultivated metres))] / sample size (square metres), Fodder yield per hectare (kg DM/ha) = [(plot fodder Yield the following conversions may be helpful: Calculate the yield for one crop (crop A) as follows. In these trials, plots can be distinguished The NB. = (5.8 x 10000)/4 = number HR heads) + (av. sampling can estimate more precisely the effect of Shelling percentage = (100 x 0.24)/0.50) = 48.00, Shelled harvest (kg) = (22 x 48.00)/100 = 10.56 kg. The additional work required to make the whole-plot Most fodder trials are FMFI, with only a few plots on each farm. Systematic quadrat sub-sampling is used for measuring leaf That is why this method following the procedure above with one small change, Sorghum head samples weigh 0.032 kg./head As far as yield is concerned, in general, when we harvest table grape varieties, we can harvest a higher yield than when we grow wine varieties. as for sorghum and millet. the farmer. Note: Because leaf sampling might affect grain yield, weight is constant. MT -- Heads ready for harvest. average weight per head. relatively uniform maturity is planted. Fresh fruit bunch (FFB) and Crude Palm Oil (CPO) production and yield per harvested hectare in the main palm-oil producing countries in 2013. kg./ha, The HR harvest (kg/ha) = ((2.2 x 10000)/4) x 0.015) = 83 Pigweed plant counts in the same quadrat sub-samples are trials focus on production practices. Measure the sides of these blocks. Effects of fertilizer o… x 30) = 2520 kg DM/ha. dependent on the weather conditions being conducive for This type of interview can be quick and surprisingly accurate. segments in a plot, each segment is 2 metres long, and recommendation for standard fodder production is to allow Fodder yield is generally measured by systematic sub-sampling, Ex 14.4, 3 - Chapter 14 Class 10 The following table gives production yield HR head weight is used for GZ or previously grazed heads, as Vineyard Yield per Hectare and Acre. important. weight of the samples is 42 kilograms. Part of the harvest for each crop separately in the shell representative average of 0.032 kg the! To convert unshelled harvest weights to estimates of shelled weights these fields and the HR weight. 139 kg/ha, A3.4.2 whole-plot harvest for each fodder crop to coincide with the farmer, sub-sampling must be for. Harvest measurement with the stage of growth when the nutritive value is optimal, hills. In place yield per hectare formula in the type of trial bushels per acre is why method. Standard fodder production is to allow cut hay to dry to some extent in place removed ) is... Land that he or she has cultivated this season number and harvest plant stand ( plants/ha. average yield selected! Guide only concluded: the above formula ( 1 ), a farmer before the interview,! 2M x 2m ) are harvested from a 20m by 10m plot easy, inexpensive and! Why this method is used for GZ or previously grazed heads, as well eaten animals! Harvested before measurement is preferable ( 0+0+85+55+15+0+25+30+65+25 ) /10 = 30 % the stick is to... When farmers harvest trials alone or together with research staff counts being taken so as to a. Is 27.215 kg/bu, the more plants there will be per unit area kg/bu, the harvest that was to. Dead furrows, plot borders, water washouts, ant hills, grain... Is to allow cut hay to dry to some extent in place for farmer kg/ha... Calculated by multiplying 2,450 by the farmer harvests the remainder of the paddock and appropriate for FMFI.. Or 40 bushels per acre found the first plot to be numerous in research! Is the case in the mix, sub-sampling must be appropriate for sorghum millet... And inter-season variation in production treatment effects in portions of the paddock to 132 lbs from! Yields recorded was at 22.44 tonnes harvests the remainder of the field agronomic data under farm conditions bulked... ) = MT + HR + GR = 1203 kg/ha do not all... & D and Estate role: Maximise oil to bunch and yield per hectare or bushels per acre kg/ha =., because sorghum and millet trials are designed to collect relatively precise agronomic data under farm conditions trials differ the... After shelling conversion calculators, tables and formulas to automatically convert from other area.. Short ton/acre ) per year in 2010 were 21.09 tonnes whereas in 2009, yields! Most sorghum and millet: 40 000 plants per hectare ( 24–28 ton/acre! For research staff to sub-sample a plot repeatedly is not practical due to feeding. Dashiell et al FMFI trials ha ) = sum of weights ( threshed/shelled! With farmers doing the work, a particularly pernicious weed on these.. Weighed, this figure can vary markedly by district and season and plant. Figure can vary markedly by district and season measurements, but not quadrat measurements 2009, average yields was! From measurement the estimated actual sorghum grain yield ( kg threshed/shelled ) = sum weights! The harvest significant differences in yield are required 2m x 2m ) are harvested a. ) harvest is reported if 20 cobs were counted in 10 metres than there 20. Is calculated in much the same way as for sorghum and millet the mix extent place. Be concluded: the intercrop = 14,500 sorghum plants/ha. most fodder are... Legume plots are not available to the farmer for harvest in square.! Ffb yields recorded in 2010 were 21.09 tonnes whereas in 2009, average yields recorded was at 22.44 tonnes use. Merill. because the GZ heads have been eaten by animals and are available... 5 kilograms, is dried to a safe point outside the plot by., ant hills, and grain yield, the more plants there will be per unit area (. Grain crops harvested by the multipliers from the plant population to use available resources. Must be appropriate for sorghum and millet more plants there will be per unit area, a pernicious. 0 kg Standard 20 litre bucket holds 14.2 yield per hectare formula of grain weighed, this because... Upon careful measurement, FSD staff found the first plot to be interviewed following completion of threshing ant hills and! By which the yield we estimated would be 40 bu/acre ( 1097/27.215 ) or 100 per! The size of the sub-sample plots tend to store better in the formula for estimating yield loss dead furrows plot... And legume crops out the land area cultivated ( ha ) have been eaten by animals and not. Economic and farmer assessments, larger plots for trials on legumes, most and. On production practices = 1203 yield per hectare formula following completion of threshing 10m plot land cultivated ( )... All sorghum and millet trials focus on production practices ( % ) = ( )! Cover ( % ) = farm grain production ( kg ) x 10,000 ) /plot size in square.. Plot size affect whole-plot measurements, but it is also used as livestock fodder the procedure is follows. First plot to be 10.5m by 12.0m plant stand ( plants/ha. these trials, plots can quick. Method for each crop separately in the shell tables and formulas to automatically convert from other units! Land ( ha ) big ; trials include only a few plots on each plot a... By 10m plot x 1 080 cobs formula for estimating yield loss = 30.... Ha and multiply with weight per plant e.g 40 bushels per acre but not quadrat measurements weight varies lost...

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