period, classical music is not parochial but universal in spirit and in style. composers and trends, the choral music of the classical era was dominated by The earliest musical settings of the mass are Gregorian chant. Church music is sacred (religious) music, but not all religious music is church music. Haydn's London appearances were highly successful. Nevertheless, his choral music is an The 6 musical periods are classified as Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and 20th/21st Century, with each fitting into an approximate time frame. The renaissance period in Western European culture is generally recognized as very roughly spanning the years between 1400 and 1600.The sacred music composed during this period was composed for the Roman Catholic Church. masses. By this time music was a dominant art in taverns to cathedrals, practised by kings to paupers alike. chords. found in sonata or symphony movements, is also used in sections of classical Instruments used during this time included the flute, the recorder, and plucked string instruments, like the lute. Perhaps what we’ve learned more than anything is that classical music is one thing: timeless. THE ROMANTIC PERIOD (1825-4900) The Romantic period began with the second quarter of the nineteenth century. It can be concluded that the introduction of harmony began in the Medieval period. Instruments used during this time included the flute, the recorder, and plucked string instruments, like the lute. order and new ideas. The mass continued to be an important form for each of the three primary Classical composers. As we move forward in musical time, we begin to enter the Medieval Period of music which can be generally agreed to span the period from around 500AD up until the mid-fifteenth century. completing the work, and it was finished by a pupil of Mozart's named Sussmayer, Monophonic means one melody line. Musicnotes Now – A Noteworthy Blog for Seriously Fun Musicians. This revolution in thinking inevitably led to conflict between the old expressive differences within sections or movements of a composition. The Marcellus is a musical setting of the so-called Ordinary of the mass—that is, the texts that remain constant throughout the annual church calendar. In his later years, Haydn was a celebrity whose works were widely recognized Take a moment to listen to the Gregorian Chant below. “Classical” music gradually began to work its way into society, being played outdoors at dinner parties and special functions, or as a spectacle in the form of opera. Music was an essential area of courtly life, and vocal music was more important than the instrumental. Here is an overview of several features of Medieval music that is good for you to have an understanding of. or preclassical style. Characteristics of the Mass: Polyphonic May be sung a cappella or with orchestral accompaniment Text may be … The specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1820s. Early Baroque composers included Claudio Monteverdi, Alessandro Scarlatti, Henry Purcell, and Jean Baptiste Lully, while later Baroque composers included Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederick Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Dominico Scarlatti, and Antonio Vivaldi. In the world of painting, Rococo style is characterized by delicate colors, Baroque to the Classical era, occurring between 1725 and 1770. of figured bass and basso continuo, is characterized by frequent harmonic three composers: Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart the world. Consensus among music historians–with notable dissent–has been to start the era around 1400, with the end of the medieval era, and to close it around 1600, with the beginning of the baroque period, therefore commencing the musical Renaissance about a hundred years after the beginning of the Renaissance as understood in other … The Romantic era was the golden age of the virtuoso, where the most difficult music would be performed with nonchalant ease. George Frederick Handel‘s Water Music is an excellent example of a typical Baroque period piece, composed for King George and performed on the River Thames. Notice the notation in the background as well, which has also drastically changed over time. Rococo style. After the ancient music era came the medieval music period which is believed to start at 500 AD and continue until 1400 AD. The Baroque This style is most evident in keyboard and orchestral Music from about 500 A.D. to 1400. Instrumentation became more prominent during this period, with the introduction of: The second half of the Renaissance period was incredibly influential, as composers became to move away from the modal system of harmony and towards the organization of major and minor scales. From Gregorian Chants to Mozart’s sonatas, we’re going to give you a brief history of the 6 Musical Periods and how they’ve each contributed to music today. symphonies, piano music, and string quartets that the transition from Classic to Each period we’ve described up until the 20th and 21st centuries had a general set of guidelines and characteristics that most composers followed. Over time, composers have been pulling further and further away from rules and restrictions into what is ultimately now a place of complete free reign. years of Bach and Handel, a new musical style developed that is known as Rococo Though we can assume that music began far before 1150, the Medieval period is the first in which we can be sure as to how music sounded during this time. Classical music is now a place for the ultimate experimentation, and though it may not be as popular in 2018 as it was in 1800, it certainly has not disappeared. the Rococo style is homophonic and light in texture, melodic, and elaborately advent of public concerts reflected the new view that music should be written for Periods of Music. The words of the Proper were not composed to special music. The strong sensation of each piece having a definitely tonal center (or key) became commonplace in the Renaissance period. Perhaps the most known type of music to come out of the Medieval period was the Gregorian Chant. The French and American revolutions in the last quarter of and runs right through from around the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the beginning of the Renaissance. The band has sold more than 12 million albums. The string family of the Renaissance was replaced with stronger sounds from the violin, viola, and cello. Well, let me just give you the formula for it. The Classical period is most known for it’s compulsion for structural clarity in music. Upon his return to Vienna in 1795, Haydn composed some of his most significant given section of a composition, was replaced by the classical trait of varying The Baroque period also introduced stronger percussion with instruments like the timpani, snare drum, tambourine, and castanets. from the composer concerning the tempo, dynamics, and expressive qualities of the Homophonic meansmoving in chords. Increasingly deaf, Beethoven eventually was forced to music tended to be more conservative than secular compositions, which also helps unprecedented degree. Medieval Period The earliest known practice of honoring the dead in the celebration of the Eucharist dates back to the late 2nd century as it was referred to in the texts of Acta Johannis and Martyrium Polycarp, however, the earliest surviving musical examples only date back to the 10th century. It should be noted, however, that throughout the history of music there has been a tension between the Classical and Romantic views of life and art. period because in art and literature, there was keen interest in, admiration for, working from Mozart's sketches of the unfinished portion. The 20th and 21st centuries can only be described as free reign for composers. Romantic style is most clearly discernible. The Renaissance brought significantly increased amounts of harmony and polyphony into music, as most composers were focused on choral music. This 19-minute setting of the Roman Catholic Mass exhibits the austere, Neoclassic, anti-Romantic aesthetic that characterizes his work from about 1923 to 1951. The Classical period expanded upon the Baroque period, adding a majorly influential new song form: the sonata. Philosophers such as Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu wrote of the value of Classical music changes chords much less Possibly one of the most famous classical pieces of music ever was composed during this time: “Clair de Lune” by Claude Debussy. but were less prevalent in the choral music of the period. and used to good effect in choral music. decorated than that of a Baroque work. The Romantic period was also the first period where national music schools began to appear. One of the most noticeable differences between Medieval and Renaissance st… As the period developed, composers gradually let go of heavily structured pieces and gravitated towards drama and emotion. Era’s first album, Era, was released in 1997 and became a worldwide … Mozart may have believed he was writing a requiem for himself. In France, the term for this was style galant The music of the Classical era is characterized by objectivity. harmonic movement. The voices moved in parallel motion with the actual chant being sung by the bottom voice. careful attention to form and by elegance and restraint. Classic period," and it was centered in Vienna. traveling, and continuing to compose constantly. W A Mozart Requiem in D Minor (K. 626) At the panicle of the Classical sacred repertoire is perhaps … Intellectually, this era has also been labeled the Age of Enlightenment. though none was a native Viennese, all worked in Vienna for significant periods The Renaissance Music Period covers the time from c.1400 – 1600. Christian Bach (1735-1782), in Germany, were important composers of music in the Destination: Music! carefully controlled. A Collection of Music from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance period. Although Vienna was the focal point for musical activity of the retire from public performance and to concentrate on composition. This period in music history is sometimes referred to as "the Viennese The Renaissance followed on from the Middle Ages and was for musicians an era of discovery, innovation and exploration - the name means ‘rebirth’. Expanding upon the end of the Renaissance period, the Baroque period saw the creation of writing music in a particular key. Music was still being composed for the church and the court, but the Composers experimented in new ways, trying out unique instrumentation combinations and reaching new horizons in harmony. Haydn's total choral output included twelve Renaissance. observed most clearly in the instrumental forms: the symphony, concerto, sonata, the common person and the power of human reasoning in overcoming the problems of 3 These changes in the music business began largely with the new technologies that had been invented, such as radio, phonographs, and significant advances in recording technology. However, the Baroque period is commonly known for complex pieces and intricate harmonies. in style from what preceded and followed it. 2)” and compare it to Mozart‘s”Rondo Alla Turca.”. Your Christmas Gigs Were Cancelled. many decorative details, and a graceful and intimate mood. Similarly, music in Some of the other common instruments were … in the composition of The Magic Flute. inappropriate performance conventions added during the Romantic period exists and in instrumental chamber music (e.g., the Beethoven string quartets). frequently, giving it a more graceful sweep and lightness of phrasing than that Era is a New-Age music project by French composer Eric Lévi. classical is applied to the style. Expansive symphonies, virtuosic piano music, dramatic operas, and passionate songs took inspiration from art and literature. 20th Century and 21st Century can be broken down into even smaller periods. Early versions of the organ and fiddle also existed. Watch the official music video for "Divano" performed by ERAMusic video by ERA performing Divano. In contrast to Haydn, who worked History of the Requiem Mass . choral music. The name The Classical era was an era of formality. Public concerts and operas moved away from the exclusivity of royalty and riches and into the hands of the urban middle-class society for all to enjoy. history in which public concerts became an important part of the musical The Anglican mass, commonly called communion service, contains the same elements but has usually been sung in … They use lyrics some of which are in an imaginary language that is similar to Greek or Latin, but in fact, is deliberately devoid of any exact meaning. This was the first era in music Still, this period laid the groundwork for the next 300 years of music. Music from the Classical period is distinctive in the isolation and relative obscurity of the Esterhazy estate for many years notion of terraced dynamics, coupled with the expression of a single emotion in a Beethoven, Haydn, and Mozart, Notable composers from the Classical period include musical giants Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, and of course, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Music has come a long way in the last thousand years or so, and we’re going to tell you how! This is particularly true in the music This control is evident in the use of dynamics and The Classical period itself lasted from approximately 1775 to 1825. This is partly due to the development of … Renaissance music is music written in Europe during the Renaissance. In this period, different types of flutes and wind instruments were used for creating music. Era (Enminential Rythmn of the Ancestors) (styled as eRa) is a New Age music project by French composer Eric Lévi. Originally, such compositions were meant to be performed in liturgical service, with monophonic chant. and ornamentation for their own sake. The very end of the Romantic period also brought about composers Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Giacomo Puccini, Jean Sibelius, Camille Saint-Saëns, Gabriel Fauré, and Sergei Rachmaninoff. Rome. The keyboard part should be much less obtrusive and less highly Much of this great body of music has survived today in manuscripts that were used in the great cathedrals and monasteries of Europe. Igor Stravinsky composed his Mass between 1944 and 1948. While emotion Renaissance means "rebirth." Enter your account data and we will send you a link to reset your password. Eventually the dramatic character of the text began to appeal to composers to an extent that they made the requiem a genre of its own, and the compositions of composers such as Verdi are essentially concert pieces rather than liturgi… By 1791, Mozart's health was failing. 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Moreover, there have been public performances of this repertoire from the time Beethoven's choral output included two masses, an Mass in the Classical Period A mass is a musical setting of the most solemn service of the Roman Catholic Church. François Couperin (1668-1733), in France, Here you'll find all collections you've created before. Though this period didn’t add any majorly new instrumentation, the harpsichord was officially replaced with the piano (or fortepiano). The idea of the modern orchestra was born, along with opera, the concerto, sonata, and cantata. Take a moment to listen to “The Silver Swan,” a famous choral piece still sung today by composer Orlando Gibbons. always appropriate to authentic Classical style (this same Problem of of his music when he was an adult. have become an accepted part of the performance of this music, and they are not following: During the last decade of the eighteenth century, Haydn made two trips to Polyphony was developed during the period of 700 A.D. to 900 A.D. where the chant melody was duplicated at an interval of a 4th or a 5th. Many new instruments emerged, such as the oboe, bassoon, cello, contrabass, and fortepiano (an early version of the piano). international prominence as a child and encountered decreasing public acceptance Mass – is a form of sacred musical composition that sets texts of the Eucharistic liturgy into music. Though a large portion of the music written in this era is not attributed to any author, John Dunstable, Adam de la Halle, Phillippe de Vitry, Guillaume de Machaut, and Francesco Landini were all notable composers in this period. orchestra. The musical scene in the classical period reflected the changes occurring in The choral music of the Classic period is generally conservative, and Since there were different languages, many of the types varied. with Baroque repertoire and, to a lesser extent, music from the Renaissance). service of an employer. This is both a help and a hindrance in light While there are lots of kinds of music, the Renaissance era’s music is the start of many ahead. The requiem Mass (Mass for the dead) is notable for the large number of musical compositions that it has inspired, including settings by Mozart, Verdi, Dvořák, Fauré and Duruflé. He had been hired by Johann Peter Salomon to compose and conduct six the eighteenth century were stimulated by this new attitude. The formal structure was the society in which the music was being written. Choral polyphony was intended to besung a cappella (without instruments). The music was characterized by These later composers contributed substantially in the transition to Classical music. London. The invention of the harpsichord flourished, and all existing woodwind and brass instruments were updated and advanced. Most notated manuscripts from the Medieval period came from the church or places connected to the church, and so most pieces have a religious subject. Forms developed in the instrumental area were appropriated This led to the development of Classical Listen to one of Mozart‘s most famous pieces, “Rondo Alla Turca” from his Piano Sonata No. He died before Gregorian Chants were monophonic, (a single, unaccompanied melodic line) and most commonly sung by monks. “Now” is a blog brought to you by Musicnotes – the world leader in digital sheet music. Bach and G.F. We are going to look at the key features of Renaissance music, including its composers, the typical instruments used, the sacred and secular forms and how it laid the foundations of change for the musical periods that followed. This fundamental period of American music resulted in many important changes in song form, dance music, popular taste, and production that still have a resounding effect on music to this day. Listen free to Era – The Mass (The Mass, Looking For Something - Original Album Version and more). is an important aspect of all music, in the Classical period, emotions were So the formula for the period of a mass on a spring is the period here is gonna be equal to, this is for the period of a mass on a spring, turns out it's equal to two pi times the square root of the mass that's connected to the spring divided by the spring constant. Classical music has come a long way, and countless composers have contributed to making it what it is today. oratorio, two symphonic works with large choral sections and a few smaller Important forms of choral music during the classical period included the following: Mass. Orchestras increased in size, range, and power, and instrumentation overall had a lighter, more evident texture than Baroque music, making it less complicated. 10 tracks (39:15). We are discussing the specific meaning in this section. During the Classic period, the keyboard player was no longer typically most significant choral works. Some music may be inspired by religion, but it may not be church music. the enjoyment and entertainment of the common person. This period also saw the development of the concerto, symphony, sonata, trio, and quartet. Prolific composers in this period include Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, Dmitri Shostakovich, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel,  Gustav Holst, Arnold Schoenberg, and many more. performance practice in Renaissance and Baroque music are less complex because at Theyhad four parts, based on modes, but composers gradually added more accidentals. and two of the sons of J. S. Bach, C. P. E. Bach (1714-1788) and Johann 10 Calm Christmas Solos For Piano Learners, Small percussion instruments: triangle, tambourine, bells, small drums. to explain why stylistic innovations were seen most clearly in instrumental music Religious music continued to flourish throughout the entire Renaissance period, including new forms such as masses, anthems, psalms, and motets. Discover more music, concerts, videos, and … We’re thankful for their hard work, for the wonder they gave us, and the gift of classical music that always keeps giving! The term most commonly refers to the mass of the Roman Catholic church, whose Western traditions used texts in Latin from about the 4th century to 1966, when the use of the vernacular was mandated. the emotional content of a given movement, section, or even a measure of a piece. symphonies for his first trip (1791-1792) and six for his second (1794-1795). pieces. Medieval music was an era of Western music, including liturgical music (also known as sacred) used for the church, and secular music, non-religious music. based on the use of thematic development and harmonic structure. He was also The Medieval Period of music is the period from the years c.500 to 1400. The mass continued to be an important form. who seemed to conceive of music in final form and who simply wrote down his Western musical tradition. Vocal Music of the Renaissance Period 1. visited by a representative of a Count Walsegg, who commissioned a requiem. bass part, supporting the choral singing with rapidly changing embellished Take a moment to listen to Chopin‘s “Nocturne in E-flat Major (Opus 9 No. conceptions, Beethoven's sketchbooks provide a record of his agonizing struggle stil (sensitive style). In the second half of the eighteenth century, a reaction against Rococo style the Esterhazy estate. Beethoven included choral sections in two instrumental works, his Choral Fantasia and the Ninth Symphony. The different portions of the Ordinary came into the liturgy at different times, with the Kyrie probably being first (perhaps as early as the 7th century) and the Credo being last (it did not become part of the Roman mass until 1014). 11 performed by Musicnotes Signature Artist, Rousseau. written in the early part of the period. During the Classical period, masses involved orchestra, soloists, and a choir in a fully intergrated work, utilizing organizational principles derived from instrumental forms. Handel. The Mass also represents one of only a handful of extant pieces by Stravinsky that was not commissioned. Church music is music that is intended to be part of Christian worship in churches, chapels, cathedrals or anywhere Christians meet to worship. The term “Classical Music” has two meanings. It is the longest “period” of music (it covers 900 years!!) We still look back to the beginning from time to time and remember the beautiful music so many people made. Unlike the Renaissance or Baroque eras, which included many important changes, sometimes on every beat. important part of the repertoire, and his Mass in D Major, The Romantic period started around 1830 and ended around 1900, as compositions became increasingly expressive and inventive. The six masses from this period, composed for Prince Nicholas Beethoven and Schubert bridged the gap between the Classical and Romantic periods of music. Church and emulation of the classical artistic and literary heritage of Greece and to arrive at a composition he felt was satisfactory. Now What? created by the pulsating feel of a harpsichordist realizing a Baroque figured therefore often contains sections of free counterpoint, fugue, and use of Medieval music consisting of Gregorian chant and one or more melodic lines moving in parallel motion is called Organum. Notable composers of the Renaissance include William Byrd, John Dowland, Orlando Gibbons, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, and Thomas Tallis. The Renaissance was a golden age for choral composition, especially in a capella compositions. this point in Music history we have much clearer and more explicit indications Musically, the project blends Gregorian chants with modern elements and genres, especially rock, pop and electronic music. the composer/ conductor, but instead was simply one of the players in the They use lyrics (by Guy Protheroe) which although similar to Greek or Latin are in fact deliberately devoid of any exact meaning. Most notated manuscripts from the Medieval period came from the church or places connected to the church, and so most pieces have a religious subject. Esterhazy (the son of Haydn's earlier employer), and his two oratorios, The Creation and The Seasons, are his Instrumentation became even more prominent, with orchestras growing to higher numbers than ever before. the Missa Solemnis, is one of the monuments of Choral music was no longer king, as composers turned to compose instrumental works for various ensembles. The broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to the 2000s. The lighter quality of Classical music also is derived from its slower Dynamically speaking, this was accomplished through the use of crescendo and of its composition to the present. The style of renaissance church music is described as choral polyphony(polyphonic, counterpoint, contrapuntal), meaning more than one part. However, these sub-genres are normally lumped into one large category since there are so many diverse and opposing styles. Music under consideration. smaller works. Just as one might assume from the word “romantic,” this period took Classical music and added overwhelming amounts of intensity and expression. Mozart's choral output includes eighteen masses, the Requiem, two Vespers settings, and a variety of shorter choral occurred. masses, three oratorios, a passion, two Te Deums, a Stabat Mater, and a few other of the fact that through the last two centuries, certain Romantic conventions There were objections to its lack of depth and to the use of decoration Baroque music, with its emphasis on vertical structure and use This era produced some of music’s most adored composers, including Hector Berlioz, Frederic Chopin, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, and Richard Wagner. He received a commission that resulted Important forms of choral music during the classical period included the It covers the music from 1400 to 1600. The birth of fine arts during the Renaissance brought forth the middle class, creative amateur artists and the advent of moveable type printing. In the Renaissance period church composers set the words of the Ordinary mass to music. Sonata allegro form, for example, often Choral and instrumental forms overlapped during the Classical period to an Unlike Mozart, Some of the questions related to The Baroque period culminated in the masterpieces of J.S. scene. pieces. Early versio… and then became an international celebrity in his sixties, Mozart was thrust into Beethoven protested against the patronage system that bound musicians to the Beethoven was primarily a composer of instrumental music, and it is in his It was during this extended period of music that the sound of music becomes increasingly familiar. In context to music, by the 16th-century, the Church's … Though the monophonic style was a staple in the Medieval period, it’s important to note that polyphonic vocal genres also developed in this time. ” has two meanings melodic, and we will send you a link to reset your.! Piano music, in the composition of the Renaissance brought forth the middle Ages the. Many people made and Romantic periods of music becomes increasingly familiar order and new ideas of choral music what ’! For complex pieces and intricate harmonies can be concluded that the sound of music becomes increasingly familiar time of composition! Is sometimes referred to as `` the Viennese Classic period, the recorder, and all existing woodwind and instruments... In parallel motion is called Organum of fine arts during the Renaissance music period which believed. Songs are about religion, but composers gradually let go of heavily structured pieces and gravitated towards and! 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Music also is derived from its slower harmonic movement compositions became increasingly expressive and inventive the part. Slower harmonic movement in monophonic singing music may be sung a cappella or with orchestral accompaniment Text may …! Pop and electronic music believed to start at 500 AD and continue until 1400 AD all... Composition, especially rock, pop and electronic music many people made partly due to Gregorian! Paupers alike will send you a link to reset your password national music schools began to appear in texture melodic! Collection of music to come out of the Roman Catholic church sacred musical composition that sets texts of Renaissance. Right through from around the time from c.1400 – 1600 c.1400 – 1600 ) meaning. The following: mass covers 900 years!! less highly decorated that... Were updated and advanced the transition to Classical music is music written in the Classical period, new. 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You to have an understanding of strong sensation of each piece having a definitely tonal center or... Liturgy of the organ and fiddle also existed Seriously Fun Musicians the gap between old. Been labeled the age of Enlightenment composed some of the mass also represents one of only a handful extant! Perhaps what we ’ re going to tell you how has also drastically over! Essential area of courtly life, and castanets development of … Renaissance Vespers settings, and vocal music was dominant. Composers contributed substantially in the Medieval era to the early 1820s effect in choral music during the Renaissance send a! Musical composition that sets texts of the harpsichord was officially replaced with the actual chant being sung by the voice. Latest news, tips, and elaborately ornamented survived today in manuscripts that were used in sections Classical! Liturgy into music have an understanding of c.1400 – 1600 not commissioned thematic development and harmonic.... Lines moving in parallel motion with the piano ( or fortepiano ) include William,! Obtrusive and less highly decorated than that of a Count Walsegg, who a! Cathedrals, practised by kings to paupers alike harpsichord was officially replaced the., Orlando Gibbons fall of the Proper were not composed to special music, for example, some are. Of multiple independent voice types, as compositions became increasingly expressive and inventive cathedrals... Be much less obtrusive and less highly decorated than that of a Baroque work native Viennese, all worked Vienna!, especially in a capella compositions the invention of the Eucharistic liturgy into,! Instruments, like the timpani, snare drum, tambourine, and we will send a. By careful attention to form and by elegance and restraint 21st Century can broken!, for example, some songs are about religion, but not all religious music continued to be an aspect! 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Is today be performed with nonchalant ease Viennese, all worked in Vienna for significant periods in careers. From public performance and to concentrate on composition the Requiem, two symphonic works with large choral and! Notation in the instrumental area were appropriated and used to good effect in choral was. Independent voice types, as composers turned to compose instrumental works for ensembles. Renaissance was replaced with stronger sounds from the 1750s to the beginning from time to time and remember beautiful. Include William Byrd, John Dowland, Orlando Gibbons found in sonata or symphony movements, is also used sections... Is music written in the Classical period included the flute, the Baroque period saw the creation of music... Liturgy of the Renaissance was a native Viennese, all worked in Vienna stronger! Types varied … Renaissance sections of Classical masses, dramatic operas, and vocal music was written... 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Since there are so many diverse and opposing styles still, this accomplished!, Haydn composed some of his most significant choral music during the Renaissance include William Byrd, John,!

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