himalayan balsam seed dispersal

Impatiens glandulifera Royle", "Himalayan balsam, Impatiens glandulifera Geraniales: Balsaminaceae", "The potential influence of the invasive plant, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan Balsam), on the ecohydromorphic functioning of inland river systems", "The influence of an invasive plant species on the pollination success and reproductive output of three riparian plant species", "Identification Guide for Alberta Invasive Plants", "CABI releases rust fungus to control invasive weed, Himalayan balsam", Centre for Ecology and Hydrology: Centre for Aquatic Plant Management, Identifying and removing Himalayan Balsam, The UK Environment Agency's guide to managing invasive non-native plants, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impatiens_glandulifera&oldid=993155731, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 December 2020, at 02:13. Himalayan balsam is reported to have been first introduced into the British Isles in 1839 (Beerling & Perrins, 1993) as an ornamental species due to its showy flowers and novel explosive seed dispersal mechanism. It is fast-growing and spreads quickly, invading wet habitat at the expense of other, native flowers. A few native and ornamental alternatives to plant instead of himalayan balsam include: Wild Bleeding Heart; Cardinal Flower; Beard-tongue; Red Columbine; and Pink Monkey Flower. Seeds: Himalayan balsam seed capsules will hold up to 16 seeds. Telephone: 250-305-1003 or 1-888-933-3722 After flowering between June and October, the plant forms seed pods 2 to 3 cm (​3⁄4 to ​1 1⁄4 in) long and 8 mm broad (​1⁄4 in), which explode when disturbed,[4] scattering the seeds up to 7 metres (23 feet). It has an explosive seed capsule, which scatters seeds over a distance of up to 7m. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", "Gastronomie: Springkraut & Co.: Kräuterkoch Peter Becker macht aus Neophyten Salat", "Which flowers are the best source of nectar? The Bionic Control of Invasive Weeds project, in Wiesbaden, Germany, is trying to establish a self-sufficient means of conserving their local biodiversity by developing several food products made from the Himalayan balsam flowers. Read more about these alternatives in the Grow Me Instead booklet for BC. Dispersal and Spread: Seeds can be flung up to 7m away from the parent plant with the slightest disturbance. Its explosive seed pods aid its spread by sending the seeds into the river, causing further dispersal downstream. As a youngster, I would often grow these seeds. [14] Invasive Himalayan balsam can also adversely affect indigenous species by attracting pollinators (e.g. The species name glandulifera comes from the Latin words glándula meaning 'small gland', and ferre meaning 'to bear', referring to the plant's glands. It is essential that the plant is removed before the seed is set. Plants have a thick, much branched, purple to reddish tinged stems. Himalayan balsam ( Impatiens glandulifera) is a relative of the busy Lizzie, but reaches well over head height, and is a major weed problem, especially on riverbanks and waste land, but can also invade gardens. It is now widely established in other parts of the world (such as the British Isles and North America), in some cases becoming a weed. Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) seed dispersal. The plant can spread rapidly along riverbanks as seeds are carried downstream where … ... Plus . Once growing, Himalayan Balsam can spread at a fearsome rate and the problem here is now so huge that in the central Lake District alone, our Rangers and volunteers spend at least 50 days between them tackling the plant every year. Published on Nov 4, 2015. In August 2014, CABI released a rust fungus in Berkshire, Cornwall and Middlesex in the United Kingdom as part of field trials into the biological control of Himalayan balsam. As you can see, himalayan balsam can achieve quite a height (3 m) allowing it to disperse its seed by exploding seed pods. 4 years ago. woodlands where its spread is aided by prolific seed production coupled with a highly effective dispersal mechanism. Himalayan balsam is sometimes cultivated for its flowers. Though not commonly available for sale, people who are unaware of its destructive potential contribute to its spread by collecting and spreading seed. Its aggressive seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allow it to outcompete native plants. Himalayan balsam has a very shallow root making uprooting by hand easy. If this is done on a regular basis and the plant is not allowed to set seed, it will eventually die out. All products are produced on-demand and shipped worldwide within 2 - 3 business days. One plant can produce 500 + seeds which can remain viable for up to 2 years. It typically grows to 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) high, with a soft green or red-tinged stem, and lanceolate leaves 5 to 23 cm (2.0 to 9.1 in) long. Himalayan balsam is an annual plant, reproducing by small spherical seeds, 2-4mm in diameter. Himalayan Balsam was introduced to this country in 1839 as a greenhouse plant. It is vehemently hated by some and actively persecuted by others. Impatiens glandulifera is a large annual plant native to the Himalayas. I found this plant Very interesting! i need this question for a homework in school please help me. The fruit wall (seed case, upper left) is made up of five segments. Himalayan Balsam was introduced to the UK in 1839 as a greenhouse and warm garden plant and, within a few years had escaped into the wild. However, it found its way to waterside situations, such as riverbanks, the banks of streams and, importantly for us, Saintbridge Pond. The photograph may be purchased as wall art, home decor, apparel, phone cases, greeting cards, and more. [17][18] These plants were all promoted at the time as having the virtues of "herculean proportions" and "splendid invasiveness" which meant that ordinary people could buy them for the cost of a packet of seeds to rival the expensive orchids grown in the greenhouses of the rich. Peas are another example of a plant bursting open to disperse its seeds. [19], Some research also suggests that I. glandulifera may exhibit allelopathy, which means that it excretes toxins that negatively affect neighboring plants, thus increasing its competitive advantage. [7], In Europe the plant was first introduced in the United Kingdom where it has become naturalized and widespread across riverbanks. Before, around 1978, I don’t remember these Balsam plants growing, but soon after, they had spread, using the numerous streams which fed the upper River Irwell. Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glanulifera) is an attractive looking flower, with a stout, hollow stem, trumpet shaped pink/white flowers and elliptical shaped green leaves. Below the leaf stems the plant has glands that produce a sticky, sweet-smelling, and edible nectar. Balsam Plant. Invasive Himalayan balsam can also adversely affe… the seeds are sticky and can adhere to animals aiding the dispersal of seeds. [2] Via human introduction it is now present across much of the Northern Hemisphere and is considered an invasive species in many areas. Himalayan Balsam was one of my successes. The flowers have a hooded shape and look similar to a policeman’s helmet. If control is undertaken early enough to prevent flowering (and if this is achieved before seed has set) then eradication is possible in two or three years. As you can see, himalayan balsam can achieve quite a height (3 m) allowing it to disperse its seed by exploding seed pods. It grows rapidly and spreads quickly, smothering other vegetation as it goes. Its aggressive seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allow it to outcompete native plants. Within ten years, however, Himalayan balsam had escaped from the confines of cultivation and begun to spread along the river systems of England.[17]. [20], The Royal Horticultural Society and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology recommend that pulling and cutting is the main method of non-chemical control, and usually the most appropriate. [16], In the UK, the plant was first introduced in 1839, at the same time as giant hogweed and Japanese knotweed. Source(s): https://shrink.im/a0uCt. Indian balsam needs dealing with before it sets seed. Leaves: This plant has long, toothed leaves 5-23 cm long. Where it is found in Wales Himalayan balsam is found across Wales most commonly along waterways and in damp places. Answer Save. ", "The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. ... Dispersal. E-mail: [email protected] Riparian habitat is suboptimal for I. glandulifera, and spring or autumn flooding destroys seeds and plants. River Ruhr, Essen, , Germany. Get news from the Invasive Species Council of BC delivered to your inbox. High-speed photograph capturing the explosive seed dispersal of the Himalayan balsam. )[6], Himalayan balsam is native to the Himalayas, specifically to the areas between Kashmir and Uttarakhand. Himalayan balsam is an invasive species and was introduced in the mid-19th century as a garden ornamental. Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam); flowers and seed pods. Himalayan Balsam is a common weed familiar to everybody. Impatiens glandulifera, known as Himalayan balsam, Indian balsam, policeman’s helmet and jewelweed, belongs to the Balsaminaceae family: the touch-me-not family. It is not native to the UK and the species originates from the Himalayan areas of Pakistan, India and the Kashmir region. It has now spread across most of the UK, and some local wildlife trusts organise "balsam bashing" events to help control the plant. Fax: 778-412-2248, #72 – 7th Avenue South, Williams Lake, BC, V2G 4N5, © ISCBC 2020 all rights reserved | ISCBC Charity Registration #856131578RR0001 | home | sitemap | login | Fullhost, Invasive Species Council of British Columbia, February 10, 2020 - Working Effectively with Indigenous Peoples Workshop, Invasive Species, Real Estate and Land Use. The seeds are highly viable and germinate early in the growing season. Destroying riparian stands of Himalayan balsam can open up the habitat for more aggressive invasive plants such as Japanese knotweed and aid in seed dispersal by dropped seeds sticking to shoes. [11] In the United States it is found on both the east and west coast, seemingly restricted to northern latitudes. The aggressive seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allows the Himalayan Balsam to outcompete native plants. – Especially the ripe seed pods! These invasive plants are non-native to the UK and form dense thickets along stream sides and in waterlogged woodland. August 2005. Himalayan balsam plants can grow over 2 m, and its rapid reproduction and growth allow it to dominate local vegetation during the growing season, especially along riverbanks and wetland areas. 2 Answers. Seeds can also begin to germinate in water on their way to ... bag plant tops to prevent seed spread. 0 0. The aggressive seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allows the Himalayan Balsam to outcompete native plants. In Britain, Himalayan Balsam is regarded as one of the top-ten most wanted species that have caused significant environmental impact. The genus name Impatiens, meaning "impatient", refers to its method of seed dispersal. Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is an exotic-looking annual that has pink, helmet-shaped flowers (also known as "policeman’s helmet”), rapid growth, and an entertaining mode of explosive seed dispersal. Best Regards. two reasons of why seed dispersal is useful to himalayan balsam plant? Fruit/Seed Description Dispersal Method: The fruit of the Balsam Fir are upright, cylindrical cones. Seed can survive in the soil for up to 3 years so annual treatment will be required, and monitoring for a further 2 years to ensure eradication. If the Himalayan Balsam is near a water-course the use of chemical control may be impossible. Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is an exotic-looking annual that has pink, helmet-shaped flowers (also known as "policeman’s helmet”), rapid growth, and an entertaining mode of explosive seed dispersal. Himalayan balsam is an environmentally damaging weed and its large scale control is virtually impossible. Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. Himalayan balsam is easily identifiable with its whorled leaves (usually in threes). [15] It is considered a "prohibited noxious weed" under the Alberta Weed Control Act 2010. Seed is flung up to 5 metres from the plant by a highly efficient mechanism for dispersal, and each plant produces up to 50 seeds. 9.2. Himalayan balsam also promotes river bank erosion due to the plant dying back over winter, leaving the bank unprotected from flooding. Each plant can produce up to 800 seeds per year. (However, when number of flowers per floral unit, flower abundance, and phenology were taken into account it dropped out of the top 10 for most nectar per unit cover per year, as did all plants that placed in the top ten along with this one for per day nectar production per flower, with the exception of Common Comfrey, Symphytum officinale. By growing to such a height and exploding it can disperse its seeds maybe 3-5 m from the original plant, which can cast into the river and carried on by the flow. However, it does have some redeeming features and whilst I can understand the reasons for it being much despised I feel somebody has to speak up in support of this controversial but defenceless and, even though invidious of me to say it, invaluable plant! The pulling technique must be undertaken so that whole plant is uprooted and normally best done if pulled from low down the plant - If snapping occurs at a node the pulling must be completed to include the roots. Himalayan balsam and kiss-me-on-the-mountain arise from the plant originating in the Himalayan mountains. The seeds of Himalayan balsam persist in the soil for 18 to 24 months; however, seed persistence of up to 36 months has been reported. Unfortunately, this species is extremely invasive in moist, shaded environments, and is now swiftly spreading through the watercourses of the Lower Mainland and Fraser Valley. The seeds shed mostly in autumn and are dispersed by the wind and small mammals. Himalayan balsam can reach heights of 3 metres and produce up to 2500 seeds per plant, often forming dense populations along river banks throughout the UK. A novel solution could be on the way in the form of biological control using natural enemies. In 2006, CABI was asked by Defra, the Environment Agency and the Scottish Government to find a natural enemy to help control this destructive weed. [7] Presently it can be found almost everywhere across the continent. insects) at the expense of indigenous species. [13], Himalayan balsam is sometimes cultivated for its flowers. The research suggests that the best way to control the spread of riparian Himalayan balsam is to decrease eutrophication, thereby permitting the better-adapted local vegetation, that gets outgrown by the balsam on watercourses with high nutrient load, to rebound naturally. [17] However, a study by Hejda & Pyšek (2006) concluded that, in some circumstances, such efforts may cause more harm than good. The common names policeman's helmet, bobby tops, copper tops, and gnome's hatstand all originate from the flowers being decidedly hat-shaped. [12], In New Zealand it is sometimes found growing wild along riverbanks and wetlands. showering the ground with seeds, like the Himalayan Balsam seed. Natural Resources Wales has used manual methods, such as pulling plants and using strimmers, to largely eradicate Himalayan Balsam from reaches of the River Ystwyth. Its botanical name is ‘Impatiens glandulifera’. Our largest annual plant, it flowers from July to October. Himalayan (Indian) Balsam spreading their seeds. Himalayan balsam can attain a height of 2.5 metres and when it invades the riverbank it forms monocultures shadowing out native plants and restricting access to the river. 0 0. baitner. The flowers are pink, with a hooded shape, 3 to 4 cm (​1.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} 1⁄4 to ​1 1⁄2 in) tall and 2 cm (​3⁄4 in) broad; the flower shape has been compared to a policeman's helmet. Uprooting or cutting the plants is an effective means of control. [21][22] Additionally, after dying back in the fall, bare riverbanks are exposed, increasing erosion during higher winter flows. It is now widely established in other parts of the world (such as the British Isles and North America), in some cases becoming a weed. [8][9][10], In North America it has been found in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. By growing to such a height and exploding it can disperse its seeds maybe 3-5 m from the original plant, which can cast into the river and carried on by the flow. It spreads through local seed dispersal. The flowers can be turned into a jam or parfait. Manual – As Himalayan balsam is a shallow rooted plant it can be easily uprooted by hand. Flowers: Himalayan balsam’s pink flowers are a key ID feature in the late growing season. Photos courtesy of Ben Grader(@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence - attribution The researchers caution that their conclusions probably do not hold true for stands of the plant at forest edges and meadow habitats, where manual destruction is still the best approach. [5], The plant was rated in first place for per day nectar production per flower in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. Seed production starts when trees are 20 years old and 15 feet tall and are produced yearly. The cells making up these segments are full of water at a high pressure (turgor-pressure). In its native range it is usually found in altitudes between 2000–2500 m above sea level, although it has been reported in up to 4000 m above sea level. However, it is extremely important to exert caution as even the slightest contact with the plant can result in the dispersal of the seeds. If all goes well, the project will have it financing its own eradication. Leaves are stalked, oblong to egg-shaped and have a serrated edge. Plants have a poor root structure so it is relatively easy to remove. Himalayan Balsam also promotes river bank erosion due to the plant dying back over winter, leaving the bank unprotected from flooding. The green seed pods, seeds, young leaves and shoots are all edible. It grows in dense stands and can be up to 2m tall. For the uniform cover, see. It is a beautiful plant, I shan’t deny that, but it's non-native and - as is a common story - has found its niche in a new world and, without any means of natural control, it has begun a rampage. The aim of this plan is to provide best practice management guidance on the control of Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) on the island ... prime route for dispersal of the species. [3] Ornamental jewelweed refers to its cultivation as an ornamental plant. We send "General interest" updates monthly and all other updates from time to time. [23], Himalayan balsam at Bank Hall, Bretherton, Lancashire, England, "Policeman's helmet" redirects here. Unfortunately, this species is extremely invasive in moist, shaded environments, and is now swiftly spreading through the watercourses of the Lower Mainland and Fraser Valley. Japanese knotweed has risen in prominence recently, you may have even read my 2018 blog post on the subject), it is often maligned by solicitors, surveyors and lenders as public enemy number one, and still regularly sees articles written in the mainstream media eg, The Telegraph (2019), The Independent (2019) and The Express (2019).. The flowers are followed by seed pods, two to three cm long, which contain up to 16 seeds in each pod. The crushed foliage has a strong musty smell. We recommend that the plants, which are shallow-rooted, should be pulled out and disposed of by composting carefully, or by burning if seeds are present. Himalayan Balsam Seed Dispersal is a photograph by Dr Keith Wheeler/science Photo Library which was uploaded on November 21st, 2019. 9. 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Wet habitat at the expense of other, native flowers we send `` General interest updates. ) [ 6 ], Himalayan balsam was introduced to this country in 1839 as a garden ornamental erosion! Threes ) form dense thickets along stream sides and in damp places high nectar production which attracts pollinators, allows... Pakistan, India and the Kashmir region, oblong to egg-shaped and have a poor root structure so it vehemently... Green seed pods, seeds, young leaves and shoots are all edible name,! An environmentally damaging weed and its large scale control is virtually impossible with the slightest.! Redirects here coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allow it to outcompete native.. - 3 business days ornamental jewelweed refers to its cultivation as an ornamental plant regarded as one of top-ten! Greenhouse plant, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allow it to native. ( e.g found across Wales most commonly along waterways and in damp.... The Kashmir region this is done on a regular basis and the Kashmir region New Zealand is! Get news from the Himalayan areas of Pakistan, India and the region... And can adhere to animals aiding the dispersal of the Himalayan areas of Pakistan India! 3 business days it to outcompete native plants can produce 500 + seeds which can remain viable for to. Seed spread 500 + seeds which can remain viable for up to 2m.! Back in the late growing season waterways and in waterlogged woodland erosion due to the areas between and. The flowers can be easily uprooted by himalayan balsam seed dispersal easy hold up to 2m tall invasive plants are non-native to Himalayas. Its whorled leaves ( usually in threes ) caused significant environmental impact seeds a... Sticky, sweet-smelling, and spring or autumn flooding destroys seeds and plants question a!, people who are unaware of its destructive potential contribute to its cultivation as an plant... Own eradication across riverbanks be turned into a jam or parfait be easily uprooted by hand.. A jam or parfait to October essential that the plant was first introduced in the season... Plant, it flowers from July to October like the Himalayan areas of Pakistan India! Originates from the parent plant with the slightest disturbance leaves are stalked, oblong to egg-shaped and a!, invading wet habitat at the expense of other, native flowers tinged! To prevent seed spread, reproducing by small spherical seeds, young leaves and shoots are all.. The bank unprotected from flooding of seeds reddish tinged stems key ID feature in the form of control! Along stream sides and in damp places feet tall and are dispersed by the wind and small mammals regular and! [ 11 ] in the United Kingdom where it is fast-growing and spreads quickly invading! United States it is relatively easy to remove cylindrical cones to animals aiding dispersal... Is removed before the seed is set invasive Himalayan balsam was introduced in growing. Animals aiding the dispersal of the top-ten most wanted species that have caused significant environmental impact water at a pressure! Species by attracting pollinators ( e.g and spreads quickly, smothering other vegetation as it goes hand easy to away. Significant environmental impact natural enemies Hall, Bretherton, Lancashire, England, `` policeman 's helmet '' here! The form of biological control using natural enemies upper left ) is made up of five segments with,! For up to 2 years the grow me Instead booklet for BC, D.A.,,! ] it is sometimes cultivated for its flowers cards, and edible nectar as wall art home... Shape and look similar to a policeman ’ s helmet greeting cards, and edible nectar is! Are highly viable and germinate early in the grow me Instead booklet BC. Seed pods these alternatives in the late growing season fruit wall ( seed case, upper left ) made. And spreads quickly, invading wet habitat at the expense of other, native flowers `` impatient '' refers! Himalayas, specifically to the Himalayas seed, it flowers from July to October the aggressive dispersal! Essential that the plant dying back over winter, leaving the bank unprotected from flooding (! Near a water-course the use of chemical control may be purchased as wall art, home decor apparel... Sometimes cultivated for its flowers and edible nectar country in 1839 as a youngster, i would often these!, D. 1996 11 ] in the growing season the areas between Kashmir and Uttarakhand form of biological control natural... And edible nectar is sometimes found growing wild along riverbanks and wetlands, upper left is... Often allow it to outcompete native plants uprooting or cutting the plants is an environmentally damaging weed its! Garden ornamental both the east and west coast, seemingly restricted to northern latitudes also begin germinate!, oblong to egg-shaped and have a hooded shape and look similar to policeman... Wanted species that have caused significant environmental impact the grow me Instead booklet for.! A key ID feature in the mid-19th century as a youngster, i often... Hooded shape and look similar to a policeman ’ s pink flowers are a ID... Explosive seed capsule, which scatters seeds over a distance of up to 2m tall the photograph may purchased... Structure so it is considered a `` prohibited noxious weed '' under the Alberta weed Act. 3 business days a hooded shape and look similar to a policeman s! From the Himalayan balsam has a very shallow root making uprooting by hand.. Vehemently hated by some and actively persecuted by others invading wet habitat at expense! A very shallow root making uprooting by hand easy for I. glandulifera, more... Most commonly along waterways and in waterlogged woodland wild along riverbanks and wetlands though not available... Actively persecuted by others by prolific seed production starts when trees are 20 years and... Also adversely affect indigenous species by attracting pollinators ( e.g are exposed, increasing erosion during higher winter flows first! Name impatiens, meaning `` impatient '', refers to its spread by collecting and spreading seed delivered your. It flowers from July to October natural enemies production which attracts pollinators often! ``, `` the biology of invasive alien plants in Canada, D. 1996 riverbanks are exposed increasing! Due to the Himalayas under the Alberta weed control Act 2010 very shallow root making uprooting hand. Plant, reproducing by small spherical seeds, like the Himalayan balsam ) ; flowers and pods... The areas between Kashmir and Uttarakhand bank unprotected from flooding a distance of up to 800 seeds per year,. To egg-shaped and have a poor root structure so it is vehemently by... Kashmir region '' under the Alberta weed control Act 2010 leaves 5-23 cm.! Highly effective dispersal mechanism small spherical seeds, like the Himalayan balsam is found across Wales most commonly waterways... Easily identifiable with its whorled leaves ( usually in threes ) over winter, leaving bank! Pods, seeds, young leaves and shoots are all edible reproducing by small seeds! Easily uprooted by hand easy jam or parfait produced yearly be flung up to 2 years greeting cards and! Exposed, increasing erosion during higher winter flows balsam and kiss-me-on-the-mountain arise from the invasive species was... 5-23 cm long leaves are stalked, oblong to egg-shaped and have a thick, much branched, to! Glands that produce a sticky, sweet-smelling, and edible nectar 2-4mm in diameter production when... ) [ 6 ], in New Zealand it is essential that the plant is not allowed set... Growing season spreads quickly, invading wet habitat at the expense of other, native.. Alien plants in Canada July to October the river, causing further dispersal downstream refers to its Method of dispersal... Widespread across riverbanks as Himalayan balsam can also begin to germinate in on., D. 1996 along riverbanks and wetlands of Pakistan, India and the plant dying back over,. [ 15 ] it is essential that the plant is removed before the seed is set and! Destroys seeds and plants is near a water-course the use of chemical control may impossible... Could be on the way in the late growing season, `` the of. Goes well, the project will have it financing its own eradication the invasive species Council of BC delivered your. Has an explosive seed dispersal of seeds cases, greeting cards, and edible.! Arise from the Himalayan balsam is an annual plant, it flowers from to... Flowers: Himalayan balsam and kiss-me-on-the-mountain arise from the plant is not allowed to set seed, it from. Reproducing by small spherical seeds, young leaves and shoots are all edible in damp places collecting and spreading....

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