From a broader perspective, acquiring a standardised language essentially allows for efficient communication and assimilation within a larger social group (e.g. However, as the use of ‘h’ were valued by the northern Basque writers and speakers, Mitxelena saw the importance of its inclusion in the standard language. Codification:. The latter, in contrast, are then stigmatized for using non-standard dialects. The process of standardisation involves both ‘ruler-makers’ and ‘rule-breakers’; the former makes the rules for spelling and pronunciation, in addition to selecting/eliminating the meaning of commonly used words. Accessed 10 March 2017. From a social perspective, language standardisation is dependent on how a society or social group chooses to regulate their language, and thus, what is standard to one group is not necessarily the standard to another. Language can have scores of characteristics but the following are the most important ones: language is arbitrary, productive, creative, systematic, vocalic, social, non-instinctive and conventional. Latin didn't diverge much till the end of the Roman empire in the fifth century, but then as it lived on as the spoken language throughout Europe, it began to diverge somewhat into multiple 'Latins.' “Language Ideologies and the Consequences of Standardisation”. Located in northern Spain, the community saw themselves as autonomous given their diverse historical roots and cultural groups within the country. Indeed, the process of standardisation is an on-goingone,and a whole range of forces are at work. (domains, timetables, territorial extent, etc.) creating a type-able Unicode). Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language, including dialect, register, jargon, and … First, he nominated the central dialect as the standard language of the country as he believed it to be “where the heart of [the] country is, and because it has played a dynamic role in the history of [their] literature” (Elkartea 32). Language standardisation and language change: The dynamics of Cape Dutch. Language standardization is essential in development of the language but the process has been applied for other varied reason. With that perspective, we shall move to a unique, nation-wide territory where smaller-scale language standardisation took place: Basque Country. Standardization, it is argued, is necessary in order to facilitate communications, to make possible the establishment of an agreed orthography, and to provide a uniform form for school books. Language standardisation is very much a social process, and is powered by people. What is language standardisation? However, in 1977, almost 65.4% of publications complied with the standard guidelines. One point to note is that human language does not necessarily need to divide into different forms. Language unification, standardization and corpus development imply a sophisticated national or collective effort which has to deal with philosophical, political — and technical — issues. Selection. Hence, we must remember that the language form chosen by a society is not necessarily because it is the strongest, but could be simply because it is the form used by the upper class and hence viewed in higher regard. However, resulting from this diversity was the lack of a cultural or political power to unify the nation (until recently), as so, the language community was divided into dialects, fourteen sub-dialects, and numerous local varieties that each belong to different communities within the country (Elkartea 21). This process brings to a language a uniformity and consistent norm and form of writing and speaking, and the promotion of uniformity and consistency usually entails the reduction or elimination of variation. However, this ‘superiority’ may be a social construct, attributed to certain language forms because of the social standing of their speakers (Milroy 532). They believed that the promotion of the standard was “essential to turn Basque into a modern instrument”, 61% of the 196 Basque writers that were interviewed used the standard language in their writings for they believed in the “need to convert the language into an instrument of culture”. This means that the mean of the attribute becomes zero and the resultant distribution has a unit standard deviation. "Standardization is concerned with linguistic forms (corpus planning, i.e. In fact, we use language in many different ways, some of these are, the informational, the expressive, the directive, the phatic, the aesthetic. The concern surrounding language variation dates back to the 16th century, where the first attempt for language standardisation was made. To conclude, as societies grow and evolve over the years, its language form will face similar changes. The goal of standardization is to ensure uniformity to certain practices within the industry. shifting from a circle of peers to public spaces where potential business investors, migrants, policymakers are available). In line with the said, the stands of several linguists about the a/s phenomena are presented as the Hence, we can see that this division is somewhat “man-made”. Getting It: Language standardisation and the Industrial Revolution. Unaware of the existence of such slang, fans and music critics alike were quick to deem the song complete ‘gibberish’, despite its lyrics possessing proper meaning and semantics (Thomas). WordPress, 9. Standardization may occur as a natural development of a language in a speech community or as an effort by members of a community to impose one dialect or variety as a standard. Hence in 1919, a Basque Language Academy, Euskaltzaindia, was established with the primary aim of formulating a standardwritten language. Standardization focuses on the product creation process, operations of businesses, technology in use, and how specific compulsory processes are instituted or carried out. Societies themselves pick their own standard forms of language, and hence, different societies in different places, and of different cultures, can all pick vastly different (or even somewhat similar) language forms to adhere to. 19. Those whom have accepted and are familiarised with the standard language can engage in discourse (Deumert 2), so to generate knowledge about communicative methods and processes. Updated January 08, 2019. It is important to note that these stages are hypothetical, and can sometimes overlap with one another. Mayr, Andrea. Critics. Standardization or standardization is a process that takes place in stages; was not completely finished. Ten years after the proposal was passed, efforts to implement the standard language was assessed and the results were as follow: In overall, it is evident that the majority believed in the good of a standardised language in Basque. It is a three-step process of standardising literacy/script, vocabulary, and then digital rendering (i.e. The intentionality of reforming the spelling was not to simply standardise the language but to also unify all Basque under a common understanding. Some features of this site may not work without it. Leith, Dick. In addition, standard languages are also discursive projects, and standardization processes are typically accompanied by the development of specific discourse practices. An Example of Standardization and Divergence: Latin, The Creation and Enforcement of Language Standards, Definition and Examples of Acrolects in Language, What You Should Know About Creole Language, Definition and Examples of Linguistic Prestige, Key Events in the History of the English Language, Definition and Examples of Dialect Leveling, Standard English Definitions and Controversies, Definition and Examples of Codification in English. Dudley, Leon. standardization definition: 1. the process of making things of the same type all have the same basic features: 2. the process…. The effects of language standardization on acceptance and use are explored using the four constructs of Venkatesh et al.’s (2003) Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) – effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions – as a conceptual framework and guide in the analysis. For instance, the development of a ‘standard’ form of language creates assumptions about the ‘correct’ way to use language, which is then understood to be ‘common-sense’ and common knowledge. Secondly, the language then gains prestige within the society for being associated with those of high social status. “Standardization” of Language in ELT Context. Standardization of language course is considered very important in the process of language planning. Therefore, it is evident that it does not represent the consensus of the United Kingdom. Primarily concerned with the evolution of specific human languages, standardisation can only occur when a socie… Deumert (2004) states that linguistically- oriented approach to language standardization have often concentrated on the identification of the regional and/or social dialects which form the phonological, morphological, Although there is a link between social standing and standard language, in that the upper class can influence the selection of language form (as enunciated in previous sections), one does not always translate into the other. It is an ongoing historical process that develops a standard written and oral language to be practiced by everyone in a society. selection and codification) as well as the social and communicative functions of language (status planning, i.e. STANDARDIZING? 3.3 The Process of Language Standardization Standardization is a necessary and vital process in any language. Learn more. These discourses emphasize the desirability of uniformity and correctness in language use, the primacy of writing and the very idea of a national language as the only legitimate language of the speech community...", John E. Joseph, 1987; quoted by Darren Paffey in "Globalizing Standard Spanish." Language standardization is the process by which conventional forms of a language are established and maintained. Finally, we must be wary of automatically forming relations between the upper class and standard forms of language. Subsequently, where language standardisation found to be delayed, industrialisation came into play (Dudley 1). LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION HOW AND WHY Admilson F. S. Silva Luiz de Castro 2. A century later, Manuel Larramendi wrote the first Basque grammar and a dictionary by selecting words from every dialect to be included and recognised (Elkartea 25). Language varieties gain prestige when its speakers possess high social standing. In the end, Mitxelena reasoned that “the young are always right” (Elkartea 36), and since the young writers were in favour of the letter ‘h’, the spelling reformation was ruled. It has been widely documented and is now generally recognized that the study of standardisation is primarily about ideologies and hegemonies pertaining to language. Some might feel that the standard form of a society was chosen because it is superior to all other options. It is an ongoing historical process that develops a standard written and oral language to be practiced by everyone in a society. Rather, this division is caused by external social, geographical, and cultural factors (Milroy 541). Charlemagne mandated it for his whole empire. Standardization. With increasing literacy rates to match this language demand, citizens could advance from primary to secondary level, manufacturing-related occupations. Yale University Press, 2010. Accessed 1 April 2017. Journal of, Thomas, Tiffany. Psychology Press, 1997. would be the ones to spread the use of this standard language. Deumert, Ana. Primarily concerned with the evolution of specific human languages, standardisation can only occur when a society has an existing cultivation of their own language and communicative methods. Language and power: An introduction to institutional discourse. For instance, the use of double negatives – ‘that won’t do you no good’ – is deemed confusing, redundant and incorrect by the masses. The term standard language occasionally refers to the entirety of a language that includes a standardized form as one of its varieties. Here’s the formula for standardization: Authority In Language. Once it has gained general approval, the standard language is rigorously maintained through several means. For many newer countries, though, the development of a standard language has had to take place fairly rapidly, and government intervention has therefore been necessary. Despite being associated with the upper class and being well-educated, most recent reports suggest that this form is practiced by a mere 2% of the population (British Library Board). This paper deals with the concepts of language planning and language standardization which are in direct relation with the concept language policy. Such networks proved particularly important for innovations requiring collaboration. Thus, keep in mind that language standardisation is a conscious course of development that produces both good and bad effects. The language of Basque is a language form derived from Basque Country. Thus, those who refuse or cannot acquire the standard language properly are marginalised in the society, further widening the language gap. THE INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION ON LINGUISTIC NORMS THE INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION ON LINGUISTIC NORMS Bartsch, Renate 1985-06-01 00:00:00 * I thank Bjorn Jernudd, Monsur Musa, and K . Language standardisation, while useful and essential within a society, also has its drawbacks. Prof Feng’s presentation put this kind of standardization policy in context, explaining that minority language standardization itself follows a standard (and not necessarily responsive) procedure in China. 2010. What motivations were there for language standardisation? It is the choices societies make that result in differing languages. There are different regional dialects, class dialects, situationalvarieties. The first is an elaboration of function, where people of higher social standing perceive this language form to be more valuable and important than other variations. Another interesting point relates to the superiority of specific language forms. Routledge, 2000. The standard language is a planned and designed unitary referential variant the purpose of which is to provide cultural, political, and social cohesion on the territory on which it is official. Alcuin brought in 'good Latin' because it came from books; it didn't have all the 'problems' that came from a language being spoken as a native tongue. Language standardisation begins by selecting one of the many forms of language that exist in a society to be the standard. Chinese languages, principal language group of eastern Asia, belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family. “Political correctness’: The politics of culture and language.” Discourse &. Variability is a fact of life for almost all languages. Hence the prestige and legitimacy of a ‘standard’ does not in the first instance, as Standardization is another scaling technique where the values are centered around the mean with a unit standard deviation. The Basque case study is significant not only for the fact that it is relatively recent but that it also reflects Milroy & Milroy’s conception that a language standard is not an end-product to be achieved, but rather, it is a process of development that the society embarks on. Thus, we should remember that language standardisation is a process aimed at creating one standard, cohesive language in a society, although (due to the dynamic nature of society) it generally does not achieve this goal. One example of this is British Received Pronunciation, which some scholars deem the ‘standard’ form of English in the United Kingdom (Milroy 532-533). Another quality of a good assessment is standardization. The chosen one is then accepted by the dominant clans in society, who have the power to control how and where this language is standardized and diffused. Development in these areas create pressure to establish regularity in other areas, such as currency and language, to facilitate and increase efficiency in communication between countries. If a language form is used by the upper class, society automatically esteems it over other forms and views it as the supreme option, even though it does not necessarily allow us to communicate or express ourselves better than other forms. This cultural evolution gives rise to an interesting phenomenon known as ‘language standardisation’. This leads to segregation between those who speak language in the ‘correct’ way and those who do not, labelling them as outsiders (Milroy 535). Pop quiz: Do you know the difference between an interpreter and a translator?It’s a foundational definition in the language industry, but the two can be easy to mix up. The standardisation of language does not only unify the various dialects and sub-dialects of Basque, but also symbolises the unification of a society with diverse, and presumably hazy, historical roots. Software languages will evolve over time just like software applications do. Accessed 6 March 2017. These characteristics of language set human language apart from animal communication. They further noted: “…it seems appropriate to speak more abstractly of standardisation as an ideology, and a standard language as an idea in the mind rather than a reality—a set of abstract norms to which actual usage may conform to a greater or lesser extent.” (p. 19). Lastly, a writing system is established to prescribe this language (along with official dictionaries and guidebooks). The British standard held sway throughout the world until very recently, when some other countries began to first accept and then to teach American orthography and lexical choices. These steps or stages in corpus development are also seen as paralleled by policy development, and some analysts enumerate these steps in language policy planning (Eastman 1983:12): . James and Lesley Milroy expressed that language standardisation does not symbolise an actual end-product, but rather, a significant process with no completion. Language standardization is often looked to by language communities as a means for language maintenance and strengthening cultural integrity, yet it may also contribute to varying degrees of linguistic discrimination and social conflict. The growth in industrial technologies signified a great deal of cooperation between individuals of different skillsets, and effective collaboration could only occur when both parties speak and write the same standard language. Additionally, we must recognise that language standardisation also ensues in response to increasing trade and capitalism. (It is, of course, an open question as to how much, if any, standardization is really required. What is language standardisation? Then a number of theoretical frameworks for the study of communication are discussed: Speech Act theory, Conversation Analysis, and theories concerned with ... Natural language facilitates communication in several other respects, be- Milroy, James. Similarly, we cannot assume that the form used by the upper class are the standard language form of the society. Elkartea, Garabide. Such system is then regarded as the absolute legitimate and “correct” standard of language, and hence, is esteemed above everyday speakers of the language. Formulation: setting the goals of the policy. One example of standardization is the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)GAAPGAAP, or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, is a commonly recognized set of rules and procedures designed to govern corporate account… A standard language is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage and is employed by a population for public communication. This essentially re-emphasises that language standardisation is a process, not an end-result. Instead of appointing one language form as the standard, Joanes Leizarrage developed a new language – one that was a combination of the various dialects he observed – that he believed would be understood by the general population (Elkartea 25). As such, standard forms of language can differ at different points in time, even within the same society. Actually, any language varies according to , the nature of the society, what kind of people, and their attitudes. One modern-day example is pop-culture icon Rihanna, and the collective mockery she faced for her song ‘Work’, which uses patois and creole (a language derived from a mix of several languages). Of course this language standardization work is highly technical, but it involves a lot more than technical work alone. Learning about the standardization of languages, or how languages get formalized and codified in one specific way, offers insight into the overlap between linguistics, culture and politics. People expect their language to serve a role that is beyond communication. "For one important example of the push/pull between divergence and standardization--and between vernacular language and writing--I'll summarize the Literacy Story... about Charlemagne, Alcuin, and Latin. Language standardization is the process by which conventional forms of a language are established and maintained. 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